Qualitative and quantitative assessment of antinutrient components of oyster mushroom ( Pleurotus ostreatus) stalks and almond fruit ( Prunus dulcis) hulls
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Abstract
This study explored the potential of oyster mushroom stalks and almond fruit hulls as alternative animal feed resources, focusing on their antinutrient components as well as to identify appropriate extracting methods. This was achieved through qualitative and quantitative assessment of antinutrients such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, oxalates and phytates. Data were statistically analyzed to validate the effectiveness of these methods and the suitability of the by-products as sustainable feed resources. The findings indicated that the studied wastes can promote environmentally friendly agricultural practices and cost-effective feed alternatives in livestock production. Almond hulls contained significant levels of saponins (4.89 g/100 g) and flavonoids (1.37 g/100 g), while mushroom stalks were notable for higher tannins (3.63 g/100 g) and alkaloids (0.97 g/100 g). Phytate and oxalate levels in both materials were within permissible limits for animal feed, indicating minimal toxicity risks. Qualitative analysis revealed that ethanol extraction was more effective for alkaloids, tannins and flavonoids in mushroom stalks, while aqueous extraction was more efficient for saponins. On the other hand, almond hulls exhibited higher tannins concentration in aqueous extracts, whereas ethanol extracts favoured saponins. The findings suggest that these by-products could be viable, sustainable alternatives in animal nutrition. The study recommends the possible use of oyster mushroom stalks and almond fruit hulls as feedstuff resources for an enhanced nutrient availability as well as using ethanol for extracting alkaloids and flavonoids and water for saponins to optimize nutrient benefits.
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