Journal Of Agriculture, Forestry & Environment
The Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Environment (JAFE) is an international journal that is aimed at publishing quality research articles and reviews. The journal accepts articles only in English. It is a double blind peer-reviewed publication of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria. Special attention is paid to in-depth and enhanced service and development. Subject areas covered but not limited to include Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, Crop Science, Food Science and Technology, Soil Science and Agricultural Mechanization, Animal Science, Horticulture, Environmental Science, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management.
ASSESSMENT OF MYCOFILTRATION EFFICIENCY OF FOUR BASIDIOMYCETOUS FUNGI FOR THE TREATMENT OF AGRO-PROCESSING EFFLUENTS USING Allium cepa ASSAY
This study assessed the effectiveness of four types of basidiomycetous fungi (Lentinula edodes, Hypholoma sublateritium, Pleurotus pulmonarius, and Stropharia annulata) in treating effluents from cassava, maize, palm oil mills, and abattoirs. A 5 × 5 factorial experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with three replicates. Before treatment, palm oil mill effluent showed the highest pollution load, with biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) values of 28,400.56 and 45,760.82 mg/L, respectively. The Brick Top and King Stropharia spawns achieved the largest reductions in pollutant concentrations. In cassava effluent, BOD decreased from 607.18 to 420.54 mg/L after treatment with King Stropharia. For maize effluent, BOD dropped from 2,067.46 to 1,263.24 mg/L. In palm oil mill effluent, BOD was reduced from 28,400.56 to between 9,112.79 and 9,254.54 mg/L, while COD fell to between 41,005.21 and 42,125.00 mg/L. The BOD in abattoir effluent decreased from 8,325.46 to 2,001.11mg/L. Untreated cassava and palm oil mill effluents caused significant cytotoxic effects on Allium cepa, including mitotic inhibition and chromosome abnormalities along with micronucleus formation. Brick Top and King Stropharia increased the mitotic index in cassava effluent from 6.02% to between 11.03% and 11.48%, while chromosomal abnormalities were reduced from 16.60% to between 2.02% and 2.87%. The two-way ANOVA showed significant impacts of effluent type, fungal species, and their interaction on mitotic index as well as the frequency of abnormalities and micronuclei (p < 0.001). The results show that mycofiltration enhanced the physicochemical quality of agro-processing effluents while decreasing their cytotoxicity.
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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PROFITABILITY OF CASSAVA PROCESSING ENTERPRISES IN ODUKPANI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
This study, titled Comparative Analysis of the Profitability of Cassava Processing Enterprises in Odukpani Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria, specifically examined the profitability and constraints of cassava processing enterprises that focused on garri, fufu, and starch products. The specific objectives included determined processing costs and returns, estimated gross margins, compared profitability by scale (micro and small), and identified socioeconomic factors that influenced profit levels. Data were collected from 133 processors using a multi-stage sampling technique and analysed using descriptive statistics, budgetary analysis, a mean difference model, and multiple linear regression. Results showed that cassava processing is profitable, garri recorded the highest gross margin (₦9, 349.5/50 kg), followed by fufu (₦6,689.7/50 kg) and starch (₦4,087.4/50 kg). Micro-scale processors (0–9 employees) were significantly more profitable (mean gross margin: ₦30,168.10) than small-scale processors (₦19,091.18) at a 5% significance level. Socio-economic factors such as income (10%), educational level (1%), marital status (5%), and processing experience (10%), significantly influenced profitability. However, most processors faced challenges that included expansion constraints (72.2%), competition (69.2%), and limited access to grants (68.4%), while over 80% required financial support and modern equipment to enhance productivity. The study concluded that targeted interventions in finance, capacity building, and mechanization are critical to improving efficiency, reducing costs, and enhancing profitability in the cassava processing sector of Odukpani. This study contributed to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence that micro-scale cassava processing enterprises in Odukpani Local Government Area generate significantly higher gross margins than small-scale enterprises.
DETERMINANTS OF CASSAVA COMMERCIALIZATION IN SELECTED STATES OF THE NIGER DELTA REGION OF NIGERIA: RESULTS FROM CASSAVA COMMERCIALIZATION INDEX (CCI)
This study examines the determinants of cassava commercialization among smallholder farmers in the Niger Delta region, Nigeria. Despite Nigeria's position as the world’s largest cassava producer, the commercialization of cassava remains limited in states such as Akwa Ibom, Rivers, and Edo States. This study applies the Cassava Commercialization Index (CCI) to quantify commercialization levels and assess the impact of key socio-economic and production factors. Data was collected using structured questionnaire, administered to 290 farmers selected from Akwa Ibom, Rivers, and Edo States through random sampling. From the results, the distribution of cassava farmers according to their commercialization levels were categorized into ranges (25-35%, 36-46%, etc.), with the peak distribution within the 58-68% commercialization range, with approximately 36.9% of farmers. This suggests that a substantial proportion of farmers are moderately commercialized, selling more than half of their cassava products. However, relatively few farmers exceed an 80% commercialization rate, indicating a limit to high commercialization levels among farmers in the study area, potentially due to barriers such as market access, production costs, or lack of processing facilities. The results further averred that a large portion of the sample (60.9%) reported moderate levels of commercialization between 58-68%. On the contrary, factors such as age and education level exhibited minimal impact on commercialization rates. The study concludes with policy recommendations such as, facilitating access to market, promoting technology adoption, and providing input support to farmers, thereby transform cassava from a mere subsistence crop to a viable commercial product in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND REPRODUCTIVE ATTRIBUTES OF SELECTED CUCUMBER GENOTYPES UNDER HUMID TROPICAL CONDITION
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an important vegetable crop that contributes to household nutrition, income generation, and food security, particularly in developing countries such as Nigeria where vegetables provide affordable sources of essential vitamins and minerals. This study evaluated the performance and genetic variability of selected cucumber genotypes under humid tropical conditions in Calabar (May to July, 2021), to identify high-yielding genotypes and key traits associated with fruit yield to support sustainable vegetable production. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications, and data were collected on vegetative growth, flowering, yield components, and total fruit yield. Substantial variation was observed among the genotypes for most of the traits evaluated, indicating considerable genetic diversity and potential for improvement. Considering earliness in flowering and maturity, Kayin, Amarisa C16 and Nandini 732 performed better than others. Across other traits, Kayin, Amarisa C16, Oliveira C14, and Nandini 732 consistently showed superior performance, making them promising candidates for further breeding and wider cultivation.
BLOOD INDICES OF RABBITS FED WILD MELON (Adenopus breviflorus) - BASED DIETS
This study investigated the haematological and the serum biochemical indices of rabbits fed different parts of wild melon (Adenopus breviflorous) meal. A total of twenty-four mixed breed weaned rabbits (1400 + 0.05 g) of both sexes were used for the study. Three experimental diets were formulated comprising 0 % Adenopus breviflorous (ABM) meal for treatment (T1), 10 % of Adenopus breviflorous leaf meal (ABLM) for treatment (T2) and 10 % of Adenopus breviflorous pod meal (ABPM) for treatment (T3), respectively. The animals were randomized into three groups of 8 rabbits each using a completely randomized design on body weight and sex equalization basis. At the end of the feeding trial, blood samples were collected from four rabbits (2 females and 2 males) per treatment for hematological and serum biochemical assay, respectively. The result of the haematological analysis revealed that there were significant (p<0.05) differences between the treatment groups in red blood cell counts (6.09–7.26 × 10⁶/mm³), packed cell volume (42.67–48.00%), Haemoglobin (14.47–16.47 g/dl), white blood cell (8.13–9.16 × 10³/mm³), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (33.55–34.30 g/dl), respectively which were all within the normal haematological ranges for healthy rabbits. For serum biochemical indices; total protein, albumin and total cholesterol were within the ranges 6.01–6.65 g/dl, 3.08–4.07 g/dl and 68.00–81.20 mg/dl for T1, T2 and T3, respectively which were all within the normal ranges. The study concluded that rabbits fed up to 10% Adenopus breviflorous leaf and pod meal, respectively did not have adverse effects on haematological and serum biochemical indices.
POTENTIALS OF IN SITU SOLARIZATION WITH POLYETHYLENE ON WEED SUPPRESSION AND CASSAVA (Manihot esculenta Crantz) GROWTH AND YIELD
Cassava is a major food security and cash crop in Nigeria, but yields remain low largely due to weed infestation. A field experiment was conducted during the 2019 and 2020 early cropping seasons at the University of Calabar Teaching and Research Farm, Calabar, to determine the potential of in situ solarization on weed suppression and cassava performance. Factorial combinations of two polyethylene film colours (black-B, transparent-W), and five in situ solarization durations {0 (no solarization/control), 8, 12, 16, and 48 weeks (coded S0, S1, S2, S3, S4, respectively), were laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Data collected on weeds, growth and yield of cassava were analyzed using the GenStat Package Version 8.1. Means were compared using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 5 % probability level. Results showed that polyethylene colour was not significant (p > 0.05) on weed and crop growth, except plant height at 12 weeks after planting (WAP). In situ solarization duration and the interaction were significant. On the two-year average, in solarizations reduced weed density by 92.86 % and weed dry matter by 95.02 %; and enhanced cassava fresh root tuber yield per hectare by 97.61 %, relative to no solarization. Interactively, maximum cassava root tuber yields (64.00 and 64.35 t ha⁻¹) were obtained from plots solarized for 48 weeks with white and black polyethylene sheets, respectively. These findings demonstrate that in situ solarization with black or white polyethylene sheet is highly effective in weed suppression and enhanced cassava yield.
ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC VARIABILITY OF SELECTED UPLAND RICE GENOTYPES GROWN IN A HUMID TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT
A field experiment was conducted in the growing season (May to August) of 2020 and 2021 in Calabar, Cross River State to assess the genetic variability of selected upland rice and evaluate the attributes that contribute to high yields. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design replicated two times. The results showed that genotypes varied significantly for most of the traits studied. For tillering capacity, WAB 56-104, IR90, IRAT109, WAB 638-1 and Moroberekan performed better than others. High to medium phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation (11 to 48 %), heritability (71 to 91 %) and genetic advance was observed for number of leaves, number of panicles, leaf area, panicle length and total number of grains. These genotypes could be used for further breeding studies. The following traits; number of leaves, number of panicles, number of spikelets per panicle, number of filled grains per panicle and total number of grains could be exploited for further studies because of their high heritability and genetic advance which provides a basis for selection.
OPTIMIZING LAND-USE EFFICIENCY IN RICE-SOYBEAN SYSTEMS THROUGH TEMPORAL OFFSETS AND SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS OF RICE/SOYBEAN INTERCROP IN RAINFOREST AGROECOLOGY OF NIGERIA
Sustainable intensification of cereal-legume systems requires a precise balance between interspecific competition and facilitation. This study investigated the impact of temporal niche differentiation and spatial arrangement on the productivity of rice and soybean intercropping. A 16-treatment factorial experiment evaluated seven planting offsets (from 30 days before to 30 days after) and two row geometries (alternate vs. double). Competition was quantified using the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER), Actual Yield Loss (AYL), and Aggressivity (AA), while physiological trade-offs were modeled via regression of soybean nodulation against rice yield. Among the intercropping treatments, simultaneous planting achieved the highest rice grain yield (4.55 t/ha), representing only a 7.3% reduction compared to the sole rice control (4.91 t/ha). Delaying rice planting by 30 days optimized the system’s land-use efficiency (LER = 8.49) and resulted in a significant actual yield gain (AYL = 14.98), indicating a substantial advantage over monoculture. A significant inverse correlation was identified between soybean nodulation and rice grain yield (r = −0.947, p < 0.001). All intercropping treatments exhibited a profound facilitation effect, rescuing the soybean component from the near-total failure observed in its monoculture (0.11 t/ha). Alternate row spacing was found to be superior for rice panicle development across all temporal offsets. It is recommended that farmers seeking maximum land-use efficiency and monetary returns, plant rice 30 days after soybean in alternate rows. This research provides a mechanistic framework for utilizing temporal offsets to enhance the resilience and profitability of legume-based intercropping systems.
SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF SOIL pH AND CEC USING PREDICTIVE MODELS IN THE MOUNTAINOUS REGION OF OBANLIKU, CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
This study predicted the distribution pH and CEC in Obudu Cattle Ranch, Obanliku Local Government Area of Cross River State. Sixty (60) composite soil samples were collected (0-30 cm) between 200 to 500 m apart for the study. Normalized difference moisture index (NDMI), land surface temperature (LST), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), clay, soil organic carbon and pH were used as covariates. Multiple linear regression (MLR), random forest (RF), ordinary kriging (OK), cubist regression (CR) and regression kriging (RK) were used to predict soil pH and CEC and were evaluated using bias, coefficient of determination (R2 ), and root mean square error (RMSE), mean square error (MSE) and Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). The soils had pH varying from strongly acidic (pH=5.2) to slightly acid (pH=6.6) with high OC (>2 %). CEC of the soil was high (25 to 40 cmol/kg). CEC model estimated using OK had strong degree of spatial dependence while pH model had a moderate degree of spatial dependence. CEC predicted models showed almost similar spatial pattern with high CEC found in western part of the study. The highest predicted pH values dominated western part while the least predominated eastern parts of the study area in all the models. Cubist model better predicted CEC (CCC=0.605; MSE=28.79; RMSE=5.366) followed by MLR (R2=0.552) than other models whereas pH was better modeled by OK (CCC=0.636; MSE=0.103; RMSE=0.322) followed by RF (RF=0.664). Cubist and OK should be used for assessment of spatial variation of CEC and pH in mountainous areas.
AVAILABILITY OF NON- TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS IN HOME GARDENS AND SACRED FORESTS IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
Survey was conducted to assess the socio-economic importance and management practices of some non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in home gardens and sacred forests in six Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Cross River State, namely, Akpabuyo, Akamkpa, Obubra, Ikom, Boki and Obudu. Three locations were purposively selected based on their vegetation types. Also, a simple close traverse survey approach was adopted for area determination of home gardens and sacred forests sizes while stock survey approach was used for identification, enumeration and measurements of NTFPs species. One thousand and fifty (1,050) questionnaires were administered on respondents randomly selected from 30 communities in the six LGAs, to provide data on NTFPs. Majority of the respondents (62.90%) were females. The results showed 69.5% of the people were involved in home garden farming while 61.5% were in volved in sacred forest conservation and protection. The results also showed that 64.2% of the respondents were arable crop farmers while 21% were involved in NTFPs production and usage to supplement farm income. Thus, NTFPs contribute significantly to household food security, income generation and tourism. The NTFPs in the sacred forests in the six study locations were not significantly different from each other. The results showed that NTFPs in some home gardens and sacred forests were largely similar.
ASSESSMENT OF SOME TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE RAIN FOREST REGION OF CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
This study aimed at documenting some plants used for trado-medicinal purposes in the rain forest region of Cross River State. Three local government areas and twelve communities were randomly selected for this study. The data for this study was collected through a semi- structured questionnaire and personal interviews with trado-medicinal plants users in the study area. A random sampling technique was adopted to select respondents within each community. A compiled checklist of these plants including their botanical names, families, parts used, medicinal uses, and local name were documented. The study also identified habitat destruction (59.60%) and over-harvesting (22.2%) as major challenges facing the conservation of medicinal plants in the study area. The study also revealed that 88.15% of respondents used medicinal plants to treat common diseases, mostly malaria (45.74%) and typhoid (26.54%). These plants belong to 65 species and 36 families. The most commonly used plant parts were leaves (34.06%) and barks (32.55%). Decoction (45.41%) and infusion (32.72%) were the most common methods of preparation. Findings of the study showed that the knowledge of trado-medicinal plants is being passed down mainly through family and relatives, and also highlighted the importance of traditional medicinal plants in the healthcare system of the respondents. It is noted that preservation and integration of medicinal plants into the healthcare system, as well as sustainable harvesting and conservation practices will ensure the continuous availability of these valuable resources.
HUMAN URINE AS A LIQUID FERTILIZER FOR SMALLHOLDER CROP PRODUCTION: AGRONOMIC POTENTIAL, ADOPTION BARRIERS, AND FOOD SECURITY IN NIGERIA
Human urine has been recognized as a valuable resource for agriculture, a sustainable solution compared to the use of chemical fertilizers to enhance soil fertility for crop production, particularly for smallholder farmers. Rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, human urine is an underutilized resource that can serve as an effective organic fertilizer, especially for crop production. Undiluted or diluting urine with water at a ratio of 1:3 to 1:10 and allowing the mixture to sit in a tank or can with a lid for 1-6 months will significantly help in eliminating odor and create a nutrient-rich fertilizer that addresses soil fertility issues sustainably. This paper reviews the adoption of human urine as a liquid fertilizer for crop production in smallholder farmers to ameliorate food insecurity. Studies revealed that these approaches not only recycle waste materials but also offer several benefits, including cost-effectiveness, convenience/feasibility, an increase in crop yield, and safe/nutritious food. However, it presents challenges such as unpleasant odor and cultural perception regarding its use. Proper handling, storage, and application methods are crucial to maximizing its benefits while minimizing the risks. Adoption of this fertilizer can contribute to more sustainable agricultural practices for food security. Awareness and training programs to educate farmers on the application are essential for the safe usage of this fertilizer. In conclusion, this innovation presents a promising opportunity for smallholder farmers to enhance soil fertility and crop yield in a sustainable and cost-effective manner for a sustainable food system.
GROWTH AND YIELD EVALUATION OF SOME WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) CULTIVARS ON POULTRY MANURE-ENRICHED COASTAL PLAIN SOILS
Wheat is a food crop of global significance, but it is not yet a component of the Nigerian cropping system due to ecological and environmental limitations, especially in Southeastern Nigeria. Polybag experiment was conducted to evaluate four spring wheat cultivars (Imam, SC. Sahai, Norman and WZ 272 2015) based on growth and yield attributes on soils derived from coastal plain sands. The four cultivars were arranged in a completely randomized design and replicated nine times to give a total of 36 experimental units. Plant height, number of tillers, number of functional tillers, number of days to heading and yield components were investigated. The cultivars, WZ 273 2015 and Norman were superior (p≤0.05) in plant height, number of tillers and number of functional tillers relative to Imam and SC. Sahai. SC. Sahai cultivar had significantly lesser (46.11) number of days to heading. Although there were no significant differences in grain yield among the cultivars, there was a considerable variation in their yield components. The number of spikelets per main spike and per plant varied significantly (p≤0.05) in the order SC. Sahai (18.30; 23.68,) > Imam (17.08; 21.71) > WZ 273 2015 (14.25; 20.89). The plant dry weight was highest (p≤0.05) in Norman (4.49 g; 0.24 t/ha) than the other cultivars. Overall, Norman, Imam and SC. Sahai significantly had the highest values based on yield components, but Imam was highest (p>0.05) in yield (0.42 tons/ha) while the least was recorded in Norman (0.23 tons/ha) under the humid tropical soil condition.
INFLUENCE OF PLANT DENSITY AND SPACING ON FLEA BEETLE (Podagrica uniforma Jacoby) INFESTATION AND AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) production in Nigeria is frequently limited by flea beetle (Podagrica uniforma Jacoby) infestation, which causes foliar damage and reduces yield. Optimizing plant density is a key strategy for balancing pest pressure and crop performance. This study examined the effects of plant density and spacing on flea beetle infestation and agronomic traits of okra in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. A randomized complete block design was employed with six treatments combining two spacing regimes (40 × 25 cm and 50 × 25 cm) and three planting densities (one, two, and three plants per stand). Infestation was assessed weekly, while growth and yield parameters were recorded throughout the cropping cycle. Results indicated that spacing and density did not significantly affect beetle populations or damage severity (p > 0.05). Infestation peaked at 6–7 weeks after sowing, with maximum leaf perforation at 10 weeks. However, closer spacing with higher density (40 × 25 cm × 3) significantly (p < 0.001) enhanced flowering, maturity, and yield components, producing the highest capsule, seed, and stover yields. Correlation analysis confirmed plant population as the strongest determinant of productivity, while capsule length showed weak associations with yield traits. These findings suggest that while plant density may not directly influence P. uniforma infestation, it plays a critical role in optimizing okra growth and yield. For late-season production, 40 × 25 cm spacing with three plants per stand is recommended, coupled with targeted pest management during midvegetative to flowering stages.
DETERMINANTS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS’ RESILIENCE TO FOOD INSECURITY IN ABEOKUTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
Food insecurity remains a major challenge confronting farm household, particularly in rural areas where livelihoods depend heavily on agriculture. This study examined the determinants of farm households’ resilience to food insecurity, emphasizing that resilience involves not only coping with shocks but also the ability to recover and adapt sustainably. Primary data were collected from a cross-section of 120 farm households, and the analysis explored how socioeconomic, institutional, and livelihood factors influence resilience outcomes. A Tobit regression model was employed to identify the key determinants of resilience. The findings revealed that households adopt various food-based coping strategies, including dietary adjustments and meal reduction, depending on the severity of food insecurity. Several factors were found to significantly enhance resilience. Access to productive assets (β = 0.009, p < 0.01) and social safety nets (β = 0.012, p < 0.05) had strong positive effects, indicating that asset ownership and participation in social protection programs improve households’ ability to absorb and recover from shocks. Education level and income diversification were also positively associated with resilience, suggesting that more educated and economically diversified households are better equipped to manage risks and maintain food security. The constant term (β = 9.371, p < 0.01) reflects a baseline level of resilience among households. Results show that resilience to food insecurity is multidimensional, shaped by material, human, and social capital. The study concludes that strengthening asset ownership, expanding social protection, and promoting education and livelihood diversification are critical for building resilient farm households capable of sustaining food security amid uncertainty. Keywords:
ANALYSIS OF CHANGING LIFESTYLES FOR FIRMS IN THE HOSPITALITY, ENTERTAINMENT AND LEISURE INDUSTRIES IN CALABAR
This study investigates the implications of changing consumer lifestyles on demand patterns and strategic responses of firms in the hospitality, entertainment, and leisure (HEL) industries in Calabar, Nigeria. Consumer preferences have shifted considerably toward experiential consumption, digital engagement, and personalized services. Many HEL firms, however, continue to operate with traditional service models that no longer align with these expectations. This misalignment limits their ability to sustain competitiveness and long-term market relevance. A descriptive research design was adopted. Three HEL firms were purposively selected — Tinapa Resort, Channel View Hotels, and Paradise City Entertainment Hub. The study population comprised 195 staff members, and a census approach was adopted. Data were collected using a self-structured 15-item questionnaire on a five-point Likert scale. Expert validation and reliability testing returned a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.93. Of 195 questionnaires distributed, 190 were properly completed, representing a 97.44% response rate. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation via SPSS. Findings indicate that evolving consumer lifestyles have significantly altered demand patterns and competitive dynamics within the sector. There is a clear movement away from traditional offerings toward more immersive, experience-driven models. Firms that responded through service innovation, technology adoption, and stronger customer engagement were better positioned competitively. These findings highlight the strategic importance of aligning business operations with emerging lifestyle trends. The study contributes to HEL literature by extending empirical understanding of lifestyle-driven demand shifts in a Nigerian context. It offers relevant insights for managers, policymakers, and researchers interested in service industry transformation in emerging economies.
BUSINESS INNOVATION AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF THE FAST-FOOD INDUSTRY IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
Innovation has become the lifeblood of competitive advantage in the global business environment, especially within the fast-food industry, where customer preferences, technology, and service expectations evolve rapidly. This study investigates the relationship between business innovation—specifically product, service, and distribution innovations—and organizational performance among fast-food firms in Cross River State, Nigeria. Anchored on Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations Theory and Herzberg's Motivation–Hygiene Theory, the study adopts a cross-sectional survey design with a sample of 200 respondents drawn from selected fast-food outlets. A structured questionnaire, utilizing a five-point Likert scale, was employed to collect data on innovation dimensions and firm performance. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and multiple linear regression were employed to test the hypothesized relationships. Results indicate that product, service, and distribution innovations each have significant positive effects on organizational performance (R² = 0.354, p < .001), with product innovation emerging as the strongest predictor. The findings suggest that firms that emphasize innovation in product development, service delivery, and distribution logistics achieve higher operational efficiency, customer satisfaction, and profitability. The study contributes theoretically by integrating innovation diffusion frameworks with organizational performance outcomes, and practically by offering insights for managers seeking to foster innovation-oriented cultures.
INFLUENCE OF PLANTING DATES AND VARIETIES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF WATERMELON (Citrullus lanatus) IN IKOM, NIGERIA
Field experiment was conducted under rainfed condition at Nlul1- Nnam in Ikom Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria to investigate response of watermelon varieties [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb Mansf)] to varying planting dates. The treatments consisted of three planting dates (8th September, 28th September and 18th October, 2018) and three varieties of watermelon (koloss, Kaolack and Sugarbaby). The treatments combination was arranged in splitplots fitted into randomized complete block design and replicated three times. The study revealed that the 8th September planting date influenced best growth and yield performance of watermelon as it out-yielded the 28th September and 18th October planting dates by 36.94 and 74.38% respectively for number of fruits produced per plant. koloss variety was significantly (p< 0.05) superior to Kaolack and sugarbaby varieties in most of the vegetative growth and yield parameters. Koloss variety out-yielded Kaolack and Sugarbaby varieties by 45.33 and 117.11%, respectively for number of fruits recorded. Furthermore, Koloss variety also produced the heaviest and widest watermelon fruits than the other varieties. The interaction of Koloss variety and September 8 planting date, produced longer vine, higher number of leaves, higher number of fruits and higher total fruit yield (47.77t/ha) than the others. The production cost and economic returns analysis for the study also showed that, highest profit from watermelon production was maximized by the 8th September planting date with Koloss variety.
RURAL YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN AGRICULTURAL-BASED LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES IN CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL ZONE, CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
This study assessed rural youth participation in agricultural-based livelihood activities in then Central Agricultural Zone of Cross River State, Nigeria. The study specifically sought to examine the socio-economic characteristics of rural youths, ascertain the agricultural-based livelihood activities participated in by rural youths, determine the extent of participation and assess the constraints to rural youth participation in agricultural-based livelihood activities. A random sampling technique was used to select 148 rural youth farmers. Data were collected using a set of structured questionnaires and analyzed using percentages and mean statistics. Results of the type of agricultural-based livelihood activities participated in by youths revealed that majority (87.2%) participated in farm labor with a high extent of participation (x̄ =3.12) ranked 1st. However, the study revealed that lack of capital/access to credit (x̄=3.19; SD = 0.76) was the major constraint to rural youth participation. The result of multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that sex (0.112), age (1.315), educational level (2.154), years of farming experience (0.205), and estimated annual income (3.112) show a statistically significant influence of the socio-economic characteristics of youths on the extent of participation in agricultural-based livelihood activities at 5% level of significance. The study concluded that youth engagement significantly enhances agricultural-based livelihood but lack of capital emerged as the major constraint limiting their participation in activities in the study area. The study therefore recommends that government and relevant stakeholders design and implement targeted youth agricultural financing schemes and policies to strengthen youth capacity through entrepreneurship training within the study area.
COMMUNITY-BASED CONFLICT RESOLUTION APPROACHES AND SOCIOECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
This study assessed the community-based conflict resolution and socio-economic activities in Cross River State Nigeria. Multistage sampling procedure was used to select 126 household heads. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed with percentages and mean statistics. The key technique used for community-based conflict resolution was the involvement of a neutral mediator (X=3.81; ranked 1st). The most frequently played role by the stakeholders in resolving conflicts in the area was formation of peace communities (X=3.93; ranked 1st). Household heads perceived that community-based conflict resolution promoted stability, enabled markets to function effectively, businesses to operate without disruption, and trade to flourish, thereby boosting their income (X=3.51; ranked 1st). However, poor funding of peace committees (X= 3.74; ranked 1st) was accepted as the major challenge to the use of community-based conflict resolution. The study concluded that community-based conflict resolution uses different techniques to establish a solid foundation for socio-economic progress, adopting and effectively applying these techniques in resolving conflict can cultivate an environment that fosters economic advancement in the community. The study recommended that development organizations should employ these techniques, as they serve as powerful tools to enhance community stability, peaceful cohabitation among residents and promote socioeconomic activities.
EVALUATION OF ENSILING QUALITIES OF SIGNAL GRASS (Brachiaria mulato II) AND COOK STYLO (Stylosanthes guianensis) AT DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS
The study evaluated the ensiling qualities of Stylosanthes guianensis (Cook), grown with Brachiaria mulato II (Signal grass) at different mixing ratios.. The treatments were the mixtures of Stylosanthes guianensis and Brachiaria mulato II at 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100% ratios laid in a completely randomized design (CRD) and replicated three thrice. Fresh Brachiaria mulato II and Stylosanthes guianensis were harvested, wilted for 24 hours and chopped to 2-3cm long for ease of compaction and combination for silage. The research materials in the silos were sealed tightly and allowed for 28 days fermentation period. At expiration, the resultant silages were scored for colour and aroma by three independent scorers. The results of silage showed that irrespective of different mixing proportions of Stylosanthes guianensis – Brachiaria mulato II, the colours of the ensiled mixtures were yellowish - green with pleasant and very sweet aroma. The pH recorded was slightly acidic in all the treatment combinations with a temperature range of 24.60 – 29.60C. Crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) were not significantly (p>0.05) affected by treatment, although numerically higher CP values were observed in the 50:50 mixture. Fibre fractions (ADF and NDF), dry matter intake (DMI), digestible dry matter (DDM) and relative feed value (RFV) varied significantly (p<0.05) among treatments. The 50% Mulato II and 50% Stylo mixture produced silage with improved crude protein and better feeding value indices, suggesting its suitability as high-quality ruminant feed during periods of forage scarcity. The study therefore recommends integrating forage legumes such as Stylosanthes guianensis with tropical grasses during silage production to improve nutritional quality and feed utilization.
ASSESSMENT OF THE LEVEL OF COMMUNITY AWARENESS ON THE EFFECTS OF FOREST DEGRADATION AND LIVELIHOOD IN AFI MOUNTAIN WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
Forests are vital to human wellbeing and environmental stability, providing essential ecosystem goods and services for local communities. However, continuous forest degradation in the Boki Local Government Area, Cross River State, poses a serious environmental and livelihood threat. In 2021, Nigeria lost about 96.5 kha of its natural forest, contributing to over 65.3 Mt of CO₂ emissions and accelerating climate change impacts such as rising temperatures and extreme weather events. This study assessed the level of community awareness on the effects of forest degradation and its implications for livelihoods in Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary, Boki Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was administered to respondents using a random sampling technique, and 120 respondents were selected across different communities surrounding the sanctuary. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics (percentages and tables) and inferential statistics such as the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient. Findings revealed a high level of awareness among community members regarding the effects of forest degradation on their livelihoods, particularly in areas related to nonwood forest product availability, soil fertility decline, and fuelwood scarcity. The study recommends strengthening community-based forest management initiatives and increasing public education on sustainable resource use to reduce pressure on forest ecosystems.
UTILIZATION OF LABOUR AMONG YAM FARMERS IN OGOJA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
The study assessed the utilization of labour among yam farmers in Ogoja Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria. Objectives were to; ascertain the socio-economic characteristics of respondents; identify types of labor utilized; determine the farming operations in which available labour was utilized; ascertain factors influencing labor utilization. A multistage sampling procedure was used to obtain data from 126 respondents and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results revealed that majority (66.7%) of the farmers were males, 40.5% were above 50 years, majority (64.3%) were married, 46.3% had secondary education, most (53.9%) had household size of above 6 persons and a larger proportion (46%) had farm size of between 1-2 plots. The most utilized labour was family labour, with X of 3.39. The farming operations in which family labour was mostly utilized were planting (69.9%) and fertilizer application (69%). However, hired labour was mostly used in staking (65.1%) and mound making (63.5%) operations. The findings also showed that, the most perceived factor that influenced labour utilization was rural urban migration with X of 3.58. Results of the chi-square statistics revealed a statistically significant association between type of labour used and yam farming operation with tcal (145.67) > P value (21.03) at 0.05 significant level. It was therefore recommended that the government should supplement manual labour with mechanised labour to discourage rural-urban migration as well as to address the need for specialized skills and ease difficult tasks.
MICROBIAL ANALYSIS OF SOIL IN A BAMBOO GROOVE AT THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, ABEOKUTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
Microorganisms in the soil play a crucial role in plant growth, soil sustainability, the balance of the soil ecosystem, and the restoration of lost nutrients. This study was conducted to identify microbial populations at varying depths in the bamboo grove behind the University Health Centre of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0–15 cm, 15-30 cm, and 30–45 cm for microbial analysis. The dilution spread plate method of identification of microbial population was used. The results showed that 7 bacterial species and 5 fungal strains were isolated from all the soil samples used. The probable isolated bacterial species were E coli, Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium septicum, Bacillus, Proteus, Enterobacter, Klebsiella aerogenes, and the isolated fungi species were Aspergillus funmigatus, Alternaria alternate, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp, and A niger. The microbial colony-forming units decreased progressively with increasing soil depth, indicating microbial activity is highest within the top 0-30 cm. This suggests that the upper soil layer should remain undisturbed as it contains vital microorganisms essential for nutrient recycling and plant productivity. The morphological characteristics of the isolated bacteria and fungi indicate that the Bacillus spp and the Aspergillus spp are the dominant bacteria in the soil, highlighting their importance in organic matter decomposition and soil fertility enhancement. The study underscores the ecological significance of bamboo groves as a biodiversity hotspot that supports diverse microbial communities crucial for sustainable soil health and management.
EFFECT OF POULTRY MANURE RATES ON CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT AND FRESH WEIGHT OF THREE AMARANTH VARIETIES IN KANO, NIGERIA
A 4 x 3 factorial pot experiment arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Bayero University, Kano to examine the effect of poultry manure at different rates (0, 10, 20 and 30 t/ha) and 3 varieties of Amaranth (Hemera, White and Black Amaranth), on the chlorophyll content and fresh weight of the plant. A chlorophyll content meter was used to measure chlorophyll content in Amaranth at different growth stages, indicating photosynthetic activity related to leaf nitrogen concentration. The fresh weight of the leafy plant was also measured at harvest (7 Weeks after Sowing). Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) version 9.4. Means were compared using the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). There was a significant difference in poultry manure rates at 10 and 20 t/ha for fresh weight, while 30 t/ha gave higher chlorophyll content, and no significant interaction was observed for chlorophyll content. While the yield (fresh weight) shows a significant difference (p < 0.05) among the amaranth varieties, the Hemera variety has significantly more weight than the Black and White varieties, with no significant difference observed due to poultry manure rates. The Hemera variety, with no poultry manure application, can benefit vegetable farmers in the study area.
COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON PHENOLOGY AND YIELD STABILITY OF IRRIGATED RICE IN KANO, NIGERIA
Efficient fertilizer management remains critical for improving the productivity and sustainability of irrigated rice systems in sub-Saharan Africa. This study evaluated the performance, canopy dynamics, and yield stability of irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) under inorganic and organic fertilizer regimes within the Kano River Irrigation Scheme (KRIS), northern Nigeria. On-farm experiments were conducted across three local government areas during the 2020 and 2021 dry seasons using a randomized complete block design on farmers’ fields. Four fertilizer treatments were assessed: farmer practice, recommended NPK-Urea application, poultry manure, and cow manure, using FARO 44 as the test variety. Results showed that organic amendments, particularly poultry and cow manure, enhanced tillering efficiency and canopy development compared with inorganic fertilizer and farmer practice. Poultry manure recorded the highest leaf area index (LAI) and grain yield, while cow manure exhibited superior biomass partitioning to grain, as revealed by the highest harvest index. In contrast, inorganic fertilizer and farmer practice demonstrated greater year-to-year yield stability. Relative yield advantage analysis indicated a yield gain of 6.4% under poultry manure compared with farmer practice, whereas cow manure resulted in a slight yield reduction. These findings highlight trade-offs between yield maximization, canopy persistence, and yield stability among fertilizer regimes. Suggesting that integrating organic nutrient sources with improved fertilizer management can improve rice productivity while promoting sustainable intensification in irrigated systems of northern Nigeria.
GENOTYPIC VARIATION AND YIELD OPTIMIZATION IN BAMBARA GROUNDNUT (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) UNDER VARYING PLANT POPULATION DENSITIES IN THE SUDAN SAVANNAH
Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.) is an underutilized African legume valued for its resilience to drought and poor soils, yet the genotypic variation in its response to plant population density remains underexplored. This study investigated the growth and yield performance of three bambara groundnut genotypes (Cream Brown Eye, Cream Black Eye, and Mottled Brown Eye) under three population densities (160 × 20 cm, 160 × 30 cm, and 160 × 40 cm) in the Sudan savannah of Nigeria using a split-plot design. Significant effects of genotype, density, and their interaction were observed for plant height, petiole length, and yield components. Wider spacing enhanced vegetative growth, while intermediate density (8 plants m⁻²) maximized grain yield (1.85 t ha⁻¹), reflecting a parabolic density–yield relationship. Among genotypes, Mottled Brown Eye exhibited superior shelling efficiency (82.4%) and productivity index, indicating greater assimilate partitioning and competitive balance under moderate population pressure. The differential density responses among genotypes highlight the presence of exploitable genetic variation for density tolerance and yield stability. These findings suggest that moderate plant density optimizes canopy development, photosynthetic efficiency, and yield per unit area under semi-arid conditions, providing a framework for genotype-specific planting density recommendations to enhance bmbara groundnut productivity and sustainability in dryland cropping systems.
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE (KAP) OF PRE‑SLAUGHTER STUNNING OF CATTLE IN CALABAR MUNICIPALITY, CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
This study examined the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of pre-slaughter stunning among cattle workers in Calabar Municipality, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional design wasadopted and 155 participants including butchers, cattle traders, and abattoir workers were purposively selected. Data were obtained using a validated interviewer-administered questionnaires and analyzed. Descriptive and inferential analyses (Chi-square) revealed a profound deficit in knowledge and practice. The mean knowledge score was 1.17/10, with 82.6% of respondents exhibiting low knowledge. Only 18.7% had heard of stunning, and 16.8% understood its pain-reducing benefits. Attitudes were largely negative (46.5%) or neutral (40.6%), reflecting uncertainty about its religious acceptability and practical value. Notably, 98.1% did not practice stunning, and 100% demonstrated poor practice, largely attributed to 99.4% lack of access to equipment. Significant associations were observed between knowledge and practice (χ² = 102.122, p < 0.001), and between attitude and practice (χ² = 33.937, p < 0.001). Practice was also significantly linked to education (χ² = 62.077, p < 0.001), professional role (χ² = 35.516, p < 0.001), and years of experience (χ² = 27.860, p = 0.006), but not to age, gender, or religion. The study concludes that low awareness, negative perceptions, and infrastructural deficiencies critically impede stunning adoption. Targeted training, investment in abattoir facilities, and interfaith engagement are recommended to enhance animal welfare standards in Nigeria.
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISES SUPPORTED BY AGRO PROCESSING, PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT AND LIVELIHOOD IMPROVEMENT SUPPORT PROJECT IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
The study carried out an economic evaluation of rice, cocoa, and broiler production enterprises supported by the World Bank-Assisted Agro Processing, Productivity Enhancement and Livelihood Improvement Support (APPEALS) project in Cross River State, Nigeria’’. Using a sample of 391 cooperatives, data were collected through questionnaires, records, and focus group discussions. Results from the study showed that, APPEALS-supported enterprises differ in scale, age and earnings, with cocoa most established and profitable, rice more labor-intensive but lower earning, and broilers younger, moderately profitable and better educated managers. Among the average total cost incurred by these enterprises per hectare, labour cost accounted for 64.70 percent of the average total costs for rice. Similarly, for a batch of 500 broilers enterprises, the cost of feed accounted for 63.9 percent of the average total costs while for cocoa enterprises, rent on farm accounted for 70.46 percent of the average total costs. The profit margin percentage of 25.3%, 26.9% and 38.5% was obtained for rice, broiler and cocoa enterprises respectively, while return on investment of 0.34, 0.63 and 0.37 for rice, cocoa and broilers were realized. This implies that for every one naira invested across the production of these three commodities, benefits of ₦ 0.34, ₦0.63 and ₦ 0.37 were achieved confirming the profitability of APPEALS-supported agribusinesses. The study recommended policy to promote cooperative development and clusterbased support for cocoa and rice, drawing on the broiler model to improve market access, input sourcing, and collective bargaining
UNVEILING SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSIONS IN AGRIBUSINESSES SUPPORTED BY AGRO PROCESSING, PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT AND LIVELIHOOD IMPROVEMENT SUPPORT PROJECT IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
This study assessed the sustainable dimensions of agribusinesses supported by Agro Processing, Productivity Enhancement and Livelihood improvement Support (APPEALS) project in Cross River State, Nigeria, Using the Taro Yamane formula for sample size, 391 cooperatives were randomly selected from 710 APPEALS-supported Agribusinesses and data were collected from their managers through a 5-point Likert questionnaire and analyzed using exploratory factor analysis and descriptive mean statistics. The results yielded a “Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO)’’ value of 0.658 and a Bartlett’s test of sphericity value of 1407.936 (p < 0.001), confirming the suitability of the data for factor analysis. Seven factors were extracted from an initially conceptualized twelve based on the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) theory and they accounted for 56.32% of the total variance. The extracted factors include Social Safeguards, Local Support Policies, Grievance Redress Mechanism, Production Technology, Stakeholders/Institutions, Marketing Strategies, and Production Management. These were categorized under social, environmental, and economic sustainability dimensions. Social dimension of sustainability accounted for the highest cumulative variance (25.2%), followed by environmental (18.13%) and economic sustainability (13%). Out of 86 proposed variables, 22 met the factor loading threshold of 0.5, confirming construct validity. Descriptive mean analysis of the 5-point Likert scale showed weighted mean of 4.14. Twelve of the variable mean values were above weighted mean which indicated the activities frequently undertaken by the business operators for sustainability. The study recommends that, donor initiatives should continue to strengthen stakeholder collaboration and promote structured sustainability frameworks to ensure long-term integration of sustainable practices among agribusiness enterprises.